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''Gymnopilus maritimus'' is a fungus species of the family Cortinariaceae first collected in northern Sardinia, Italy, in 2006. The species produces moderately sized, sturdy mushrooms of a reddish-orange colour. The cap, which can measure up to across, is covered in orange fibrils, and sometimes has small scales. The yellowish stem measures up to in length by in width, and sometimes shows remnants of the partial veil. The mushrooms have thick gills of a variable colour, ranging from yellow to rust but staining darker, and the yellow flesh has a mild taste. The mushrooms leave a rusty-brown spore print, while the spores themselves measure from in length. The species is most similar in appearance to ''G. arenophilus'' and ''G. fulgens'', but can be differentiated from both morphologically. Despite the similarities, it is not closely related to either, suggesting convergent evolution. Instead, within the genus ''Gymnopilus'', it is most closely related to the ''spectabilis–imperialis'' clade. However, it is not particularly similar to any of its closest relatives. The species has been found only on coastal sand dunes near Olbia, in Sardinia, where it was observed growing at the base of ''Juncus maritimus'' (the sea rush), between the winter months of October and January. However, there is speculation that it may also grow elsewhere in Europe. Mushrooms were seen growing from both the sandy soil and decaying plants; however, as a saprotrophic feeder, it is possible that the species would be able to grow on other substrates. The mushrooms grow in close groups or tight tufts. ==Taxonomy== |2= }}}}|caption=Cladogram showing the phylogeny of ''G. maritimus'' and some related species based on molecular analysis of sequences from ITS rDNA.〔Guzmán-Dávalos ''et al''. 2009, p. 201.〕}} ''Gymnopilus maritimus'' was first described by mycologists Laura Guzmán-Dávalos (a specialist in ''Gymnopilus''〔Contu and Vizzini 2009, p. 9.〕), Antonio Ortega, Marco Contu and Alfredo Vizzini in 2009 in an article in the journal ''Mycological Progress''.〔 The description was based on several specimens collected during field work by Contu in Sardinia between January 2006 and January 2007;〔〔Guzmán-Dávalos ''et al''. 2009, p. 195.〕 the holotype was collected on 15 January 2006.〔Guzmán-Dávalos ''et al''. 2009, p. 197.〕 The discovery has contributed to Sardinia's reputation as an area of mycological significance. The description was later published in Italian by Contu and Vizzini in the journal ''Micologia e Vegetazione Mediterranea'', along with the description of ''G. purpuresquamulosus'', because the original descriptions of both of these species were in English, and difficult for non-specialists to obtain.〔Contu and Vizzini 2009, p. 9.〕 The specific epithet ''maritimus'' refers to the typical habitat of coastal sand dunes, on sandy soil or decomposing ''Juncus maritimus''.〔 The holotype has been deposited in the University of Granada's herbarium.〔 〕 Within the genus ''Gymnopilus'', it is located in the subgenus ''Gymnopilus'' and section ''Macrospori''.〔 The subgenus ''Gymnopilus'' was proposed by Henri Romagnesi as ''Cortinatae'' (while the genus was known as ''Fulvidula'') in 1942, though the name ''Gymnopilus'' was given later by Rolf Singer. The subgenus is characterised by mushrooms that feature either no veils, or veils that do not form rings. The section ''Macrospori'', proposed by Guzmán-Dávalos in 1995, is made up of large-spored species with ringless mushrooms. Molecular analysis revealed that ''G. maritimus'' forms a sister group to (that is, shares an immediate common ancestor with) the ''spectabilis–imperialis'' clade, a clade that includes ''G. imperialis'', ''G. spectabilis'', ''G. junonius'' (often considered synonymous with ''G. spectabilis''), ''G. pampeanus'', and others.〔 ''G. maritimus'' forms a more inclusive clade along with the members of ''spectabilis–imperialis''; while it produces the smallest fruit bodies, it shares with the other members strong, sturdy mushrooms, caps with fibrils (sometimes with scales) and large, warty spores that turn red in Melzer's reagent or Lugol's iodine.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gymnopilus maritimus」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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